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The turning path of a Single-Unit Truck or Bus measures the minimum possible turning radius necessary for performing a u-turn in a vehicle with a 20’ (6.1 m) wheelbase. Measuring the inner and outer radii of the 180° turn, a minimum inner radius of 28’4” (8.64 m) and minimum outer radius between 42’-43.5’ (12.8-13.26 m) should be provided for single-unit trucks and buses.
The turning path of a Medium-sized Semi Truck measures the minimum possible turning radius necessary for performing a u-turn in a vehicle with a 40’ (12.2 m) wheelbase. Measuring the inner and outer radii of the 180° turn, a minimum inner radius of 19’4” (5.9 m) and minimum outer radius between 40’-40’10” (12.2-12.4 m) should be provided for medium-sized semi trucks.
The 180° turning path of a passenger vehicle measures the minimum possible turning radius for use when designing spaces for u-turns or turn-arounds within streets, parking lots, drop-offs, or service areas. Measuring the inner and outer radii of the 180° turn, a minimum inner radius of 14’5” (4.39 m) and minimum outer radius between 24’-25’6” (7.31-7.77 m) should be provided throughout the turn.
Vehicle turning paths, also known as turning radii, refer to the space a vehicle requires to make a turn. This concept is crucial in urban planning and design, affecting everything from the width of roads and driveways to the layout of parking lots and intersections.
The 90° turning path of a passenger vehicle measures the minimum possible turning radius needed when designing parking, loading, and drop-off spaces. Measuring the inner and outer radii of the 90° turn, a minimum inner radius of 11’6” (3.5 m) and minimum outer radius of 19’2” (5.85 m) should be provided. Though the turning path requires a width of only 7’6” (2.3 m), additional clearances should be provided whenever possible to accommodate a larger variety of car sizes and driver abilities.
Mini trucks and Kei trucks are small, lightweight trucks known for their compact size and versatility. Mini trucks are typically under 3,000 pounds (1,360 kg) and are used for light-duty tasks. Kei trucks, a Japanese variant, are even smaller, meeting specific dimensions and engine regulations.
Bathroom layouts organize essential fixtures—such as toilets, sinks, showers, and bathtubs—within a space to support hygiene and personal care activities. The layout is pivotal in maximizing functionality and comfort, whether in compact half bathrooms for quick visits or in more spacious baths.
Turned ramps are accessible ramps designed with a 90° change of direction along the accessible route. The size of landings provides adequate mobility for a wheelchair user to comfortably rotate according to the change in direction. The inner handrail along a turning ramp must remain continuous. The Ramp (Turning) has a height of 24” (61 cm), total run length of 36’ (11 m), and overall width of 17’ (5.18 m). Dimensions will vary based on the desired slope and height needed.The landings of turning ramps must have minimum widths and lengths of 60” (152.4 cm) in both directions at the moment that the turn occurs. Landings with minimum lengths of 60” (152.4 cm) and widths consistent to the width of the ramp must be provided at the top and bottom of any straight run portions of the turned ramp.
The Radial Door Handle is a predecessor of the Total door handle. They share similar design concepts, but the only difference is that the Radial Door Handle has round parts. It is made of brass and was designed by Rodolfo Dordoni. The Radial Door Handle has a width of 6.18” (157 mm), height of 1.1” (28 mm), and depth of 2.01” (51 mm).
The Nelson Turbine Clock embraces a design that resembles a turbine shape giving it a unique and elegant design. The Nelson Turbine Clock is one of the 150 clocks which were sold from 1949 to the 1980s. The Nelson Turbine Clock was designed by George Nelson for Vitra and is manufactured from brass. The Nelson Turbine Clock has an overall diameter of 29.92” (76 cm) and depth of 2.76” (7 cm).
Speakers are devices designed to convert electrical signals into audible sound, providing an auditory experience for various forms of media. They come in many forms, from large floor-standing models that fill a room with sound, to portable Bluetooth speakers that offer mobility and convenience.
400m Running Tracks are rubberized running surfaces used for various Track and Field competitions. With lanes designed to be 400m in length from start to finish, 400m Running Tracks are the most commonly used tracks that can easily accommodate for competitive sprint lengths of 100m, 200m, and 400m.
300m Running Tracks are specialized rubber surfaces used for Track and Field competitions with lanes designed to be 300m in length from start to finish. An uncommon track size, 300m Running Tracks are typically found in circumstances where a full 400m track could not be built.
Football fields, or pitches, are rectangular playing surfaces used for the sport of football (soccer). The long length of the field must be between 295’-394’ | 90-120 m, while the shorter width is between 148’-295’ | 45-90 m. Goals are located on each opposing goal line and are 24’ | 7.32 m wide.
The Handball Court consists of a Handball Goal on each side, a series of distance markings, a halfway line, a Free Throw line, and a goal area. A Handball Court can have 1, 3, or 4 walls depending on the venue. Three walled Handball Courts provide one side for an audience to experience the game. Handball Courts have an overall length of 131.23’ (40 m), width of 65.62’ (20 m), and have a total area of a 8611 ft² (800 m²). The goals of a Handball Court are 9.84’ x 6.56’ (3 x 2 m). Handball Courts have a centered Goal Keeper Line at 4.37’ (4 m) from the goal, followed by a penalty mark at 22.97’ (7 m). The Goal Area, or D-Zone, is placed at a radius of 19.69’ (6 m) from the corner of the goal, with the larger Free Throw Line beyond at a radius of 29.53’ (9 m). The recommended minimum clearance of 8.2’ (2.5 m) should be maintained around the Handball Court.
Little League Baseball Fields are regulated playing fields for youth baseball. Played by children between the ages of 9-12 years old, Little League Baseball is popular with kids around the world, and culminates in the Little League World Series. In Little League Baseball, the centerfield, right, and left fences are set at 200’ (60.96 m) from the apex of home plate. The bases on a Little League Baseball Field are spaced 60’ (18.3 m) apart measured from the apex of home plate to the farthest corner of 1st and 3rd bases, and from the same farthest corner of 1st and 3rd to the center of 2nd base. The pitching distance from the front of the pitching rubber to the apex of home plate is set at 46’ (14 m).
Professional Major League Baseball Fields, also called ballparks and baseball diamonds, are regulated fields for the sport of baseball. Although minimum park dimensions are defined for Major League Baseball, each ballpark is allowed to design their fence any way they want while meeting the minimums. In Major League Baseball, the centerfield fence must be at least 400’ (121.9 m) from the apex of home plate, while the left and right field fences have a minimum of 325’ (99 m). The bases on a Major League Baseball Field are spaced 90’ (27.4 m) apart measured from the apex of home plate to the farthest corner of 1st and 3rd bases, and from the same farthest corner of 1st and 3rd to the center of 2nd base. The pitching distance from the front of the pitching rubber to the apex of home plate is set at 60’ 6” (18.44 m).
Curved Stairs, also referred to as Arched Stairs, use a wider radius than a Spiral Staircase to wind upwards to a second floor or landing. They can be varied in materials from wood to glass and wrought iron to add a traditional or modern feel. And they are great for commercial properties.
A Cricket Ground is a large circular playing field of grass that is not always defined in size. The field is defined by three main areas of play; the outfield and infield are the two largest, and are divided by a circular line. At the center is the close infield is the Cricket Pitch. Cricket Grounds have an overall diameter of between 450’-500’ (137-152 m) for a total area of 159,043-196,350 ft² (14,775-18,242 m²). The cricket pitch is located at the center of the ground surrounded by an infield with a radius of 90’ (27.4 m) from the center of each wicket.
A FITA Compound Target is used within archery for competition or practice. FITA stands for Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc, the organization who controls the sport of archery. As the name implies, the FITA Compound Target is sized for the use of compound bows. FITA Compound Targets have an overall diameter of 31.5” (80 cm) and depth in the range of 8”-10” (20.3-25.4 cm). Each consecutive ring of a FITA Compound Target increases by a radius of 3.15" (8 cm). FITA Compound Targets should be angled 10°-15° from vertical.
A Figure skating rink is a frozen rectangular surface with curved or circular ends on both sides used to host the Olympic sport of figure skating. Skating rinks vary in size depending on skill level of the athletes and performers, with the largest being an Olympic-sized rink. Figure Skating Rinks have an overall length of 196.85’ (60 m) and width of 98.43’ (30 m), for a total area of 18,707 ft² (1738 m²). The corners of a Figure Skating Rink have a radius of 27.89’ (8.5 m).
Round stair tread nosings feature a curved, rounded edge on the outer part of each stair tread, creating a smooth transition from the tread to the riser. This design enhances safety, as the rounded edge can help prevent tripping and lessen the impact in case of a stumble. Round Nosing Stair Treads are constructed with typical stair tread thicknesses between 1”-1.5” (2.5-3.8 cm) and allowable nosing overlaps of 1”-1.5” (2.5-3.8 cm). Round nosings can have a maximum radius of .5” (1.3 cm).
A FITA Recurve Target is the Olympic sized target used within the sport of target archery. FITA stands for Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc, the organization who controls the sport of archery. There are different sizes of FITA targets and each is marked with 10 evenly spaced rings. FITA Recurve Targets (Olympic Size) have a regulated diameter of 48” (122 cm) and depths of 10”-15” (25.4-38.1 cm). Each consecutive ring in a FITA Recurve Target increases by a radius of 4.8" (12.2 cm). FITA Targets should be angled at 10°-15° from vertical.
A Lacrosse Field is a rectangular grass field defined by three main areas of play within the sport of Lacrosse. Depending on what team is playing, the opposing side is called the attack or goal area, the home side is called the defensive area, and the center is the midfield. Lacrosse Fields have an overall length of 110 yards (100.59 m) and width of 60 yards (54.86 m) for a total area of 59,400 ft² (5518 m²). The crease has a radius of 3 yards (2.75 m) with a goal line in the center placed 15 yards (13.72 m) from the end line. The wing line is located 10 yards (9.14 m) from the sidelines with the restraining line at 20 yards (18.29 m) from the midfield line.
A Field Hockey Pitch is the rectangular field of grass or synthetic turf with netted goals on opposing ends regulated for the sport of Field Hockey. A field hockey pitch is similar in size and appearance to a lacrosse field and rugby field, with a few notable differences. Field Hockey Pitchs have an overall length of 100 yards (91.44 m) and width of 60 yards (54.86 m), for a total area of 54,000 ft² (5017 m²). The Striking Circle has a radius of 48’ (14.63 m) measured from the corner of the goal, with a second 5-yard mark 15’ (4.57 m) beyond the circle. The penalty spot is located 21.24' (6.475 m) from the goal, with penalty corner defender's and attacker's marks at 16.32’ (497.5 cm) and 32.73’ (997.5 cm) along the edge from the goal.
Protesting describes the act of gathering, demonstrating, or expressing opposition in public spaces to make voices heard. Its unique quality lies in visibility—using the body, movement, and presence as tools of communication. Protesting can be loud or silent, collective or individual.
Bathroom layout clearances are integral to designing a functional and accessible space, catering to different needs and activities within the bathroom. The concept revolves around ensuring adequate space for users to move, use fixtures comfortably, and maintain privacy. An activity clearance of at least 24" (61 cm) provides the minimum necessary space around bathroom fixtures for individual use. A circulation clearance of 30" (76 cm) ensures that in shared bathroom environments, there is ample space for one person to move or pass by another without hindrance. For accessibility, a turning space diameter of 60" (1.52 m) is required for individuals using wheelchairs to maneuver easily within the bathroom.
Codice 31 built the Krusin Side Table by recognizing a need for easy and elegant guest seating and periodic tables. With the option for a glass or marble top, the piece's solid geometry is tempered with descriptions of its radius and chamfer, keeping that overall minimal and clean aesthetic. The Krusin Side Table has an overall height of 18” (45.7 cm), width of 18” (45.7 cm), and depth of 18” (45.7 cm).
Stair tread and riser sizes are integral to staircase design, balancing comfort, safety, and accessibility. Standards exist to ensure a consistent and safe stair-climbing experience. Tread size influences the user's foot placement, with sufficient depth necessary for secure footing. Stair treads have a minimum allowable depth of 11” (28 cm) with riser heights between 4”-7” (10-18 cm). Stair nosings can protrude between 1”-1.5” (2.5-3.8 cm) with a maximum riser angle of 30 degrees.
Circular Stairs are helical staircases that lead upstairs in a flowing arc. They are great for commercial properties like retail stores, showrooms, and other public spaces, but they also add a glamorous effect in an office or residential location. It is often used as a focal point in a space.