Odd-Toed Ungulates | Perissodactyla

Odd-toed ungulates, in comparison to even-toed ungulates, bear the majority of weight on one toe only; their third toe. The other difference between the two ungulate families, is that odd-toed ungulates digest cellulose in their intestines, not their stomach. The odd-toed ungulate family is rather small, consisting of horses, donkeys, tapirs, and rhinoceros. Despite the size of this family, odd-toed ungulates have an extensive reach and are present across the globe, due to establishment of feral populations. Two of the odd-toed ungulate species have been domesticated; horses and donkeys. All odd-toed ungulates are either large to very large, with the smallest still weighing in at 200 kg or 440 lbs.

Which animals are odd-toed ungulates?

There are about 17 species of odd-toed ungulates. Animals that are odd-toed ungulates include the javan rhinoceros, mountain tapir, mountain zebra, onager, kiang, mule, donkey, and horse. Other animals include the Sumatran rhinoceros, African wild ass, and Malayan tapir.

What are the shared characteristics of odd-toed ungulates?

Shared characteristics of odd-toed ungulates include them being herbivores and each having 1 or 3 hoofed toes on each hindfoot. They also have a long upper jaw and a reduced ulna and fibula bones simplifying both the wrist and ankle joint. They don’t have a clavicle bone making running more efficient.

What are the differences between odd and even-toed ungulates?

The most notable difference between even and odd-toed ungulates is the number of toes they have. Odd-toed ungulates have an odd number of toes, while even-toed ungulates have an even number of toes (2 or 4). Odd-toed ungulates are able to digest plant matter in their intestines, while even-toed ungulates digest their meals in one or more stomach chambers.

Odd-Toed Ungulates

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55.1”-65” | 140-165 cm
78.7”-92.5” | 200-235 cm
507-606 lb | 230-275 kg
25-40 years
African Wild Ass
165.000
235.000
275.000
40.00
4200
GUIDE
3D
African Wild Ass
14-16 hands (56”-64” | 142-163 cm)
900-1000 lb | 408-454 kg
20 years (Typical)
Akhal-Teke
163.000
454.000
20.00
6900
GUIDE
3D
Akhal-Teke
14.75-15.5 hands (59”-62” | 150-158 cm)
900-1200 lb | 408-544 kg
25 years (Typical)
Andalusian Horse
158.000
544.000
25.00
19000
GUIDE
3D
Andalusian Horse
14-16 hands (56”-64” | 142-163 cm)
950-1250 lb | 431-567 kg
30 years (Typical)
Appaloosa Horse
163.000
567.000
30.00
17000
GUIDE
3D
Appaloosa Horse
14.25-15.25 hands (57”-61” | 145-155 cm)
800-1000 lb | 363-454 kg
25-30 years (Typical)
Arabian Horse
155.000
454.000
30.00
39000
GUIDE
3D
Arabian Horse
39.4”-51.2” | 100-130 cm
16.5”-22.4” | 42-57 cm
70.9”-98.4” | 180-250 cm
331-661 lb | 150-300 kg
20-30 years
Baird's Tapir
130.000
57.000
250.000
300.000
30.00
750
GUIDE
3D
Baird's Tapir
4.9’-6.2’ | 1.5-1.9 m
3’-3.6’ | .9-1.1 m
9.8’-12.3’ | 3-3.75 m
1,764-3,086 lb | 800-1,400 kg
30-50 years
Black Rhinoceros
190.000
110.000
375.000
1400.000
50.00
66000
GUIDE
3D
Black Rhinoceros
39.4”-47.2” | 100-120 cm
15.75”-18.9” | 40-48 cm
70.9”-87” | 180-221 cm
397-705 lb | 180-320 kg
25-40 years
Brazilian Tapir
120.000
48.000
221.000
320.000
40.00
4700
GUIDE
3D
Brazilian Tapir
16-18 hands (64”-72” | 162-183 cm)
1800-2200 lb | 816-998 kg
20-25 years (Typical)
Clydesdale Horse
183.000
998.000
25.00
24000
GUIDE
3D
Clydesdale Horse
Donkey
119000
43”-57” | 109-145 cm
57”-76” | 145-193 cm
400-500 lb | 180-225 kg
25-40 years
Donkey
145.000
193.000
225.000
25.00
119000
GUIDE
3D
Donkey
14.5-17 hands (58”-68” | 147-173 cm)
1200-1400 lb | 544-635 kg
16 years (Typical)
Friesian Horse
173.000
635.000
16.00
38000
GUIDE
3D
Friesian Horse
13.5-15 hands (54”-60” | 137-152 cm)
800-1300 lb | 363-590 kg
25-30 years (Typical)
Haflinger Horse
152.000
590.000
30.00
5100
GUIDE
3D
Haflinger Horse
Hinny
36000
41.3”-57” | 105-145 cm
53.1”-72.8” | 135-185 cm
300-800 lb | 136-363 kg
30-40 years
Hinny
145.000
185.000
363.000
40.00
36000
GUIDE
3D
Hinny
5.6’-6.7’ | 1.7-2.05 m
3.6’-4.1’ | 1.1-1.25 m
10.8’-12.5’ | 3.3-3.8 m
3,527-4,850 lb | 1,600-2,200 kg
35-45 years
Indian Rhinoceros
205.000
125.000
380.000
2200.000
45.00
23300
GUIDE
3D
Indian Rhinoceros
45.3”-51.2” | 115-130 cm
55.1”-63.8” | 140-162 cm
441-573 lb | 200-260 kg
20-40 years
Indian Wild Ass
130.000
162.000
260.000
40.00
5080
GUIDE
3D
Indian Wild Ass
4.9’-5.6’ | 1.5-1.7 m
3’-3.3’ | .9-1 m
9.8’-11.2’ | 3-3.4 m
3,307-4,409 lb | 1,500-2,000 kg
30-45 years
Javan Rhinoceros
170.000
100.000
340.000
2000.000
45.00
29700
GUIDE
3D
Javan Rhinoceros
18.9”-29.1” | 48-74 cm
9.8”-15” | 25-38 cm
32.7”-51.2” | 83-130 cm
220-243 lb | 100-110 kg
25-35 years
Kabomani Tapir
74.000
38.000
130.000
110.000
35.00
280
GUIDE
3D
Kabomani Tapir
Kiang
11050
56.3”-61” | 143-155 cm
74.8”-86.6” | 190-220 cm
551-882 lb | 250-400 kg
20-30 years
Kiang
155.000
220.000
400.000
30.00
11050
GUIDE
3D
Kiang
40.2”-51.2” | 102-130 cm
19.3”-24.4” | 49-62 cm
72.8”-94.5” | 185-240 cm
551-882 lb | 250-400 kg
25-37 years
Malayan Tapir
130.000
62.000
240.000
400.000
37.00
13200
GUIDE
3D
Malayan Tapir
8.5-9.5 hands (34”-38” | 86-97 cm)
150-350 lb | 68-159 kg
25-35 years (Typical)
Miniature Horse
97.000
159.000
35.00
16000
GUIDE
3D
Miniature Horse
41.3”-55.1” | 105-140 cm
55.1”-70.9” | 140-180 cm
441-573 lb | 200-260 kg
15-40 years
Mongolian Wild Ass
140.000
180.000
260.000
40.00
3180
GUIDE
3D
Mongolian Wild Ass
14-15.25 hands (56”-61” | 142-155 cm)
900-1100 lb | 408-499 kg
30 years (Typical)
Morgan Horse
155.000
499.000
30.00
15000
GUIDE
3D
Morgan Horse
35.4”-44.5” | 90-113 cm
18.9”-21.7” | 48-55 cm
70.9”-78.7” | 180-200 cm
300-551 lb | 136-250 kg
28-30 years
Mountain Tapir
113.000
55.000
200.000
250.000
30.00
2900
GUIDE
3D
Mountain Tapir
Mule
309000
63”-78.7” | 160-200 cm
70.9”-86.6” | 180-220 cm
820-1,000 lb | 372-454 kg
30-40 years
Mule
200.000
220.000
454.000
40.00
309000
GUIDE
3D
Mule
14.5-16 hands (58”-64” | 147-163 cm)
1000-1200 lb | 454-544 kg
31 years (Typical)
Paint Horse
163.000
544.000
31.00
16000
GUIDE
3D
Paint Horse
56.3”-63” | 143-160 cm
66.9”-75.6” | 170-192 cm
441-573 lb | 200-260 kg
20-40 years
Persian Onager
160.000
192.000
260.000
40.00
1000
GUIDE
3D
Persian Onager
51"-75" | 130-191 cm
64"-96" | 163-244 cm
440-990 lb | 200-450 kg
20-30 years
Plains Zebra
191.000
244.000
450.000
30.00
128000
GUIDE
3D
Plains Zebra
51.2”-61” | 130-155 cm
63”-74.8” | 160-190 cm
551-794 lb | 250-360 kg
20-25 years
Przewalski's Horse
155.000
190.000
360.000
25.00
310
GUIDE
3D
Przewalski's Horse
Quagga
102300
53.1”-57” | 135-145 cm
65”-70.9” | 165-180 cm
551-661 lb | 250-300 kg
20-40 years
Quagga
145.000
180.000
300.000
40.00
102300
GUIDE
3D
Quagga
14-16 hands (56”-64” | 142-163 cm)
900-1250 lb | 408-567 kg
25-35 years (Typical)
Quarter Horse
163.000
567.000
35.00
26000
GUIDE
3D
Quarter Horse
7-11 hands (28”-44” | 71-112 cm)
400-450 lb | 181-204 kg
30 years (Typical)
Shetland Pony
112.000
204.000
30.00
21000
GUIDE
3D
Shetland Pony
16-19 hands (64”-76” | 163-193 cm)
1975-2425 lb | 900–1100 kg
24-28 years (Typical)
Shire Horse
193.000
1100.000
28.00
26000
GUIDE
3D
Shire Horse
4.4’-5.4’ | 1.35-1.65 m
2.5’-3.1’ | .75-.95 m
7.9’-9.8’ | 2.4-3 m
1,102-2,094 lb | 500-950 kg
30-35 years
Sumatran Rhinoceros
165.000
95.000
300.000
950.000
35.00
18300
GUIDE
3D
Sumatran Rhinoceros
Tarpan
27100
54.3”-59.8” | 138-152 cm
70.9”-78.7” | 180-200 cm
661-882 lb | 300-400 kg
25-30 years
Tarpan
152.000
200.000
400.000
30.00
27100
GUIDE
3D
Tarpan
15-17 hands (60”-68” | 152-173 cm)
900-1150 lb | 408-522 kg
25-30 years (Typical)
Thoroughbred
173.000
522.000
30.00
7500
GUIDE
3D
Thoroughbred
5.7’-7.1’ | 1.75-2.15 m
3.4’-4.3’ | 1.05-1.32 m
11.2’-13.8’ | 3.4-4.2 m
3,968-5,512 lb | 1,800-2,500 kg
35-50 years
White Rhinoceros
215.000
132.000
420.000
2500.000
50.00
133500
GUIDE
3D
White Rhinoceros
Zonkey
40000
45.3”-65” | 115-165 cm
53.1”-76.8” | 135-195 cm
500-700 lb | 227-318 kg
15-25 years
Zonkey
165.000
195.000
318.000
25.00
40000
GUIDE
3D
Zonkey
Zony
15000
46.5”-53.1” | 118-135 cm
55.1”-66.9” | 140-170 cm
500-700 lb | 227-318 kg
15-25 years
Zony
135.000
170.000
318.000
25.00
15000
GUIDE
3D
Zony
Zorse
39000
57”-72.8” | 145-185 cm
76.8”-98.4” | 195-250 cm
507-1,000 lb | 230-454 kg
15-30 years
Zorse
185.000
250.000
454.000
30.00
39000
GUIDE
3D
Zorse
Hinny (Equus caballus × Equus asinus)
Comparison illustration of the size of a Hinny to a typical person

The Hinny (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) is the offspring of the male horse and the female donkey. They are smaller, have shorter ears, and are stronger than the mule. They can have the strength and size of a horse. Hinnies are often ranch animals in Brazil, Colombia, and Portugal and are often confused for a mule. They are less popular than the mule. A hinny has typically quieter and moves slower than a mule. They are herbivores and typically eat plants or hay. They have a lifespan of between 35 to 40 years and are sterile like the mule.

Hinnies have a shoulder height between 36”–48” (91-122 cm), overall standing height of 41.3”-57” (105-145 cm), and body length of 53.1”-72.8” (135-185 cm). The weight of a Hinny is between 300-800 lb (136-363 kg). Hinnies have a typical lifespan of 30-40 years.

Series of dimensioned side elevation illustrations of the Hinny
The Hinny (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) is the offspring of the male horse and the female donkey. They are smaller, have shorter ears, and are stronger than the mule. They can have the strength and size of a horse. Hinnies are often ranch animals in Brazil, Colombia, and Portugal.

Hinnies have a shoulder height between 36”–48” (91-122 cm), overall standing height of 41.3”-57” (105-145 cm), and body length of 53.1”-72.8” (135-185 cm). The weight of a Hinny is between 300-800 lb (136-363 kg). Hinnies have a typical lifespan of 30-40 years.

Series of dimensioned side elevation illustrations of the Hinny
Hinny (Equus caballus × Equus asinus)
Height:
41.3”-57” | 105-145 cm
Width:
Length:
53.1”-72.8” | 135-185 cm
Depth:
Withers Height
36”–48” | 91-122 cm
Weight:
300-800 lb | 136-363 kg
Area:
Scientific Name
Equus caballus × Equus asinus
Lifespan
30-40 years

Drawings include:

Hinny side elevation (assorted), front, back

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Kiang (Equus kiang)
Dimensioned comparison drawing of the Kiang compared to an average person

The Kiang (Equus kiang) also known as the Tibetan Will Ass, is the largest species of all wild asses. They have a large head similar to the head of a horse, a blunt muzzle, and a chestnut coat that changes colors with the seasons. The Kiang is native to the Tibetan Plateau in India. They typically live in the mountains and grasslands. They feed on the grasses and short plants that are abundant to the region. They only occasionally drink water. The Kiang has a lifespan of about 20 years in the wild, 30 years in captivity, and is not in danger of extinction.

Kiangs have a shoulder height between 52”–56” (132-142 cm), overall standing height of 56.3”-61” (143-155 cm), and body length of 74.8”-86.6” (190-220 cm). The weight of a Kiang is between 551-882 lb (250-400 kg). Kiangs have a typical lifespan of 20-30 years.

Set of standing side elevation drawings of the Kiang with dimensions
The Kiang (Equus kiang) also known as the Tibetan Will Ass, is the largest species of all wild asses. They have a large head similar to the head of a horse, a blunt muzzle, and a chestnut coat that changes colors with the seasons. The Kiang is native to the Tibetan Plateau in India.

Kiangs have a shoulder height between 52”–56” (132-142 cm), overall standing height of 56.3”-61” (143-155 cm), and body length of 74.8”-86.6” (190-220 cm). The weight of a Kiang is between 551-882 lb (250-400 kg). Kiangs have a typical lifespan of 20-30 years.

Set of standing side elevation drawings of the Kiang with dimensions
Kiang (Equus kiang)
Height:
56.3”-61” | 143-155 cm
Width:
Length:
74.8”-86.6” | 190-220 cm
Depth:
Withers Height
52”–56” | 132-142 cm
Weight:
551-882 lb | 250-400 kg
Area:
Scientific Name
Equus kiang
Lifespan
20-30 years

Drawings include:

Kiang side elevation (assorted), front, back

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Arabian Horse
Scale illustration of an average Arabian Horse with dimensions for height and length compared to a human

The Arabian Horse has been bred on the Arab Peninsula. The Arabian Horse is one of the world's most identifiable species with its characteristic head shape and long tail. The Arabian horses have polished, wedge-shaped ears, short foreheads, wide lips, big noses, and tiny muzzles.

Most of them show a distinctive concave or "dished" profile. The Arab is a flexible breed, they control the art of horse riding and participate today in many other equestrian sports areas. They are also one of the top ten most common horse breeds in the world. The Arabian Horse is also one of the oldest races in the Middle East and is dated back 4,500 years ago, with archeological evidence.

Arabian Horses have a shoulder height of 14.25-15.25 hands (57”-61” | 145-155 cm), an overall weight in the range of 800-1000 lb (363-454 kg) and a typical lifespan of 25-30 years. Arabian Horses have coat colors of bay, black, chestnut, and gray.

Collection of scaled drawings of Arabian Horse in various poses
The Arabian Horse has been bred on the Arab Peninsula. The Arabian Horse is one of the world's most identifiable species with its characteristic head shape and long tail. The Arabian horses have polished, wedge-shaped ears, short foreheads, wide lips, big noses, and tiny muzzles.

Arabian Horses have a shoulder height of 14.25-15.25 hands (57”-61” | 145-155 cm), an overall weight in the range of 800-1000 lb (363-454 kg) and a typical lifespan of 25-30 years. Arabian Horses have coat colors of bay, black, chestnut, and gray.

Collection of scaled drawings of Arabian Horse in various poses
Arabian Horse
Height:
14.25-15.25 hands (57”-61” | 145-155 cm)
Width:
Length:
Depth:
Weight:
800-1000 lb | 363-454 kg
Area:
Coat Colors
Bay, black, chestnut, gray
Scientific Name
Lifespan
25-30 years (Typical)

Drawings include:

Arabian Horse side elevation (standing), front (standing), side (running)

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Shire Horse
Scale illustration of an average Shire Horse with dimensions for height and length compared to a human

The Shire Horse, Equus Caballus, is a British breed of the draft horse, a horse used to draw or haul objects. This horse breed is typically black, bay, or grey. The Shire Horse is tall and this breed has held the world record various times for the largest horse and tallest horse.

The Shire Horse is intentionally used for farm work as they have a great capacity for weight-pulling. The Shire Horse is known for its easy-going temperament, eagerness to please, and has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. This breed of horses is considered at risk of extinction.

Shire Horses have a shoulder height of 16-19 hands (64”-76” | 163-193 cm), an overall weight in the range of 1975-2425 lb (900–1100 kg) and a typical lifespan of 24-28 years. Shire Horses have coat colors of black, bay, brown, grey.

Collection of scaled drawings of Shire Horse in various poses
The Shire Horse, Equus Caballus, is a British breed of the draft horse, a horse used to draw or haul objects. This horse breed is typically black, bay, or grey. The Shire Horse is tall and this breed has held the world record various times for the largest horse and tallest horse.

Shire Horses have a shoulder height of 16-19 hands (64”-76” | 163-193 cm), an overall weight in the range of 1975-2425 lb (900–1100 kg) and a typical lifespan of 24-28 years. Shire Horses have coat colors of black, bay, brown, grey.

Collection of scaled drawings of Shire Horse in various poses
Shire Horse
Height:
16-19 hands (64”-76” | 163-193 cm)
Width:
Length:
Depth:
Weight:
1975-2425 lb | 900–1100 kg
Area:
Coat Colors
Black, bay, brown, grey
Scientific Name
Lifespan
24-28 years (Typical)

Drawings include:
Shire Horse side elevation (standing), front (standing), side (running)

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Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Dimensioned comparison drawing of the Black Rhinoceros compared to simliar Rhino species

The Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) is gray-colored and not black. It falls under the family Rhinocerotidae, native to eastern and southern Africa. Much of the information we know about it is that it is critically endangered, but as for features, it is identified by the pointing upper lip suggesting that it is a browser. It also has two horns, good senses of smell, hearing, and eyesight. The black rhinoceros is a night feeder and also a wallower. Its skin is thick-layered, offering protection against sharp horns and thorns. Bulls are larger than cows that give birth to live calves. Besides, it is solitary except for females with their calves.

Black Rhinoceros' have a total body length between 9.8’-12.3’ (3-3.75 m), standing shoulder height of 4.9’-6.2’ (1.5-1.9 m), body width of 3’-3.6’ (.9-1.1 m), and a typical weight in the range of 1,764-3,086 lb (800-1,400 kg). The front horn of the Black Rhinoceros has a length between 19.7”-51.2” (50-130 cm) while the rear horn has a length of 7.9”-19.7” (20-50 cm). Black Rhinoceros' have lifespans between 30-50 years.

Set of scaled elevation drawings of the Black Rhinoceros viewed from the front and side
The Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) is gray-colored and not black. It falls under the family Rhinocerotidae, native to eastern and southern Africa. Much of the information we know about it is that it is critically endangered, but as for features, it is identified by the pointing upper lip.

Black Rhinoceros' have a total body length between 9.8’-12.3’ (3-3.75 m), standing shoulder height of 4.9’-6.2’ (1.5-1.9 m), body width of 3’-3.6’ (.9-1.1 m), and a typical weight in the range of 1,764-3,086 lb (800-1,400 kg). The front horn of the Black Rhinoceros has a length between 19.7”-51.2” (50-130 cm) while the rear horn has a length of 7.9”-19.7” (20-50 cm). Black Rhinoceros' have lifespans between 30-50 years.

Set of scaled elevation drawings of the Black Rhinoceros viewed from the front and side
Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Height:
4.9’-6.2’ | 1.5-1.9 m
Width:
3’-3.6’ | .9-1.1 m
Length:
9.8’-12.3’ | 3-3.75 m
Depth:
Weight:
1,764-3,086 lb | 800-1,400 kg
Area:

Horn Length: 19.7”-51.2” | 50-130 cm (Front); 7.9”-19.7” | 20-50 cm (Rear)

Scientific Name
Diceros bicornis
Lifespan
30-50 years

Drawings include:

Black Rhinoceros side elevation, front

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