Even-Toed Ungulates | Artiodactyla

Even-Toed Ungulates | Artiodactyla

Description
Description

Even-toed ungulates, or Artiodactyla, are a diverse mammalian order characterized by having an even number of toes on each foot, usually two or four. This group includes many familiar species such as pigs, camels, deer, giraffes, and cattle. They inhabit a wide range of environments across the globe, from the African savannas to Arctic tundra. Artiodactyls evolved around 50 million years ago, diversifying into numerous niches. They possess various adaptations for survival, such as ruminant digestion in cattle and deer, and remarkable migratory abilities in wildebeests. Their evolutionary success is partly due to their efficient locomotion and specialized diets.

Anatomy
Anatomy

Even-toed ungulates typically have sturdy bodies with an even number of toes on each hoof—often two or four—which aids in weight distribution and stability. Many, like deer and giraffes, have elongated legs for swift running, crucial for escaping predators. Their varied teeth structures, such as the flat molars of cows, are perfect for grinding vegetation. Some species, like pigs, have a keen sense of smell, aiding in food search. Communication varies: pigs grunt, deer bellow. These adaptations have enabled even-toed ungulates to thrive in diverse habitats, from grasslands to forests, showcasing their remarkable evolutionary journey.

Human Interaction
Human Interaction

Humans have had a long relationship with even-toed ungulates, utilizing them as sources of meat, milk, leather, and labor. Domesticated species like cows, pigs, and goats are central to agriculture and have been for millennia. In pop culture, characters like Pumbaa from "The Lion King" have endeared these animals to the public.

While many even-toed ungulates are domesticated, some wild species face threats from habitat loss and hunting. Conservation efforts are in place to protect these species; for instance, the comeback of the American bison is a conservation success story, symbolizing the potential for coexistence and the restoration of natural ecosystems.

Common Questions
Common Questions
Which animals are even-toed ungulates?

There are about 220 species of even-toed ungulates. Animals that are even-toed ungulates include the saola, pygmy hog, bawean deer, addax, tamaraw, togian babirusa, walia ibex, and rhim gazelle. Other animals include the four-horned antelope, gaur, taruca, wild yak, moose, domestic sheep, and domestic pig.

What are the differences between even and odd-toed ungulates?

The most notable difference between odd and even-toed ungulates is the number of toes they have. Even-toed ungulates have an even number of toes (2 or 4) while odd-toed ungulates have an odd number of toes. Also, there are 220 species of even-toed ungulates while there are 17 species of odd-toed ungulates.

What are the shared characteristics of even-toed ungulates?

Shared characteristics of even-toed ungulates include them being mostly herbivores, and having 2 or 4 functional toes. Almost all species of even-toed ungulates have a form of weapon like unbranched horns, forked horns, antlers, well-developed canines or tusks. They also have grooves at their ankle joints while helps them resist lateral motion.

Addax
329400
35.4”-39.4” | 90-100 cm
12.6”-14.2” | 32-36 cm
45.3”-51.2” | 115-130 cm
132-298 lb | 60-135 kg
19-25 years
Addax
100.000
36.000
130.000
135.000
25.00
329400
GUIDE
3D
Addax
Alpaca
137000
39"-46" | 99-117 cm
48"-84" | 122-213 cm
45-68 lb | 100-175 kg
15-25 years
Alpaca
117.000
213.000
175.000
25.00
137000
GUIDE
3D
Alpaca
36.6”-45.7” | 93-116 cm
11.4”-14.2” | 29-36 cm
43.3”-53.1” | 110-135 cm
55-132 lb | 25-60 kg
14-22 years
Alpine Chamois
116.000
36.000
135.000
60.000
22.00
1350
GUIDE
3D
Alpine Chamois
36.2”-52” | 92-132 cm
13”-18.1” | 33-46 cm
47.2”-66.9” | 120-170 cm
88-265 lb | 40-120 kg
10-21 years
Alpine Ibex
132.000
46.000
170.000
120.000
21.00
9600
GUIDE
3D
Alpine Ibex
63.8”-84.3” | 162-214 cm
30.7”-40.6” | 78-103 cm
86”-114” | 218-290 cm
900-2000 lb | 410-910 kg
12-20 years (wild); 20-40 years (captivity)
American Bison
214.000
103.000
290.000
910.000
40.00
36600
GUIDE
3D
American Bison
93.7”-100.8” | 238-256 cm
46.9”-51.2” | 119-130 cm
113”-123” | 286-312 cm
3300-3500 lb | 1500-1590 kg
14-16 years
Ancient Bison
256.000
130.000
312.000
1590.000
16.00
1750
GUIDE
3D
Ancient Bison
30.3”-41.3” | 77-105 cm
7.5”-10.2” | 19-26 cm
31.5”-43.3” | 80-110 cm
35-66 lb | 16-30 kg
8-15 years
Arabian Gazelle
105.000
26.000
110.000
30.000
15.00
2900
GUIDE
3D
Arabian Gazelle
43.3”-66.9” | 110-170 cm
13.4”-21.3” | 34-54 cm
59”-92.5” | 150-235 cm
143-165 lb | 65-75 kg
15-21 years
Arabian Oryx
170.000
54.000
235.000
75.000
21.00
15450
GUIDE
3D
Arabian Oryx
Argali
12300
49.6”-72.8” | 126-185 cm
16.1”-22.4” | 41-57 cm
53.1”-78.7” | 135-200 cm
132-408 lb | 60-185 kg
7-13 years (wild); 10-17 years (captivity)
Argali
185.000
57.000
200.000
185.000
17.00
12300
GUIDE
3D
Argali
Auroch
32800
61.4”-74” | 156-188 cm
24.8”-28.7” | 63-73 cm
105”-128” | 267-325 cm
1550-3300 lb | 700-1500 kg
25-30 years
Auroch
188.000
73.000
325.000
1500.000
30.00
32800
GUIDE
3D
Auroch
7’ | 2.13 m
7.42'-11.5' | 2.25-3.5 m
990-1100 lb | 450-500 kg
20-40 years; 50 (wild)
Bactrian Camel
213.000
350.000
500.000
50.00
12000
GUIDE
3D
Bactrian Camel
Banteng
44700
55.5”-74” | 141-188 cm
22.8”-30.7” | 58-78 cm
89”-118” | 226-299 cm
1300-1764 lb | 590-800 kg
16-20 years (wild); 20-27 years (captivity)
Banteng
188.000
78.000
299.000
800.000
27.00
44700
GUIDE
3D
Banteng
3’11”-4’1” | 120-125 cm
4’-5’10” | 122-180 cm
375-617 lb | 170-280 kg
10-20 years
Barasingha
125.000
180.000
280.000
20.00
1400
GUIDE
3D
Barasingha
36.2”-46.1” | 92-117 cm
11.8”-15.75” | 30-40 cm
51.2”-65” | 130-165 cm
88-309 lb | 40-140 kg
10-20 years
Barbary Sheep
117.000
40.000
165.000
140.000
20.00
5600
GUIDE
3D
Barbary Sheep
2’2”-2’4” | 65-70 cm
4’-4’7” | 122-140 cm
110-132 lb | 50-60 kg
15-20 years
Bawean Deer
70.000
140.000
60.000
20.00
400
GUIDE
3D
Bawean Deer
Beira
16040
27.6”-35.4” | 70-90 cm
7.1”-9.1” | 18-23 cm
31.5”-39.4” | 80-100 cm
20-31 lb | 9-14 kg
10-14 years
Beira
90.000
23.000
100.000
14.000
14.00
16040
GUIDE
3D
Beira
Bharal
7050
42.1”-60.2” | 107-153 cm
11.4”-18.1” | 29-46 cm
45.3”-65” | 115-165 cm
77-165 lb | 35-75 kg
12-21 years
Bharal
153.000
46.000
165.000
75.000
21.00
7050
GUIDE
3D
Bharal
46.5”-65.4” | 118-166 cm
13.8”-19.3” | 35-49 cm
51.2”-72.8” | 130-185 cm
110-315 lb | 50-143 kg
10-21 years
Bighorn Sheep
166.000
49.000
185.000
143.000
21.00
35700
GUIDE
3D
Bighorn Sheep
57.1”-61” | 145-155 cm
22.4”-24.4” | 57-62 cm
86”-94” | 218-238 cm
1150-2300 lb | 520-1045 kg (Total)
2-3 years (productive); 10-15 years (natural)
Black Angus Cattle
155.000
62.000
238.000
1045.000
15.00
1900
GUIDE
3D
Black Angus Cattle
55.1”-70.9” | 140-180 cm
17.3”-22” | 44-56 cm
66.9”-86.6” | 170-220 cm
243-375 lb | 110-170 kg
15-22 years
Black Wildebeest
180.000
56.000
220.000
170.000
22.00
5100
GUIDE
3D
Black Wildebeest
34.6”-44.9” | 88-114 cm
9.4”-12.2” | 24-31 cm
39.4”-51.2” | 100-130 cm
68-126 lb | 31-57 kg
10-24 years
Blackbuck
114.000
31.000
130.000
57.000
24.00
58200
GUIDE
3D
Blackbuck
15”-22.8” | 38-58 cm
5.5”-8.3” | 14-21 cm
21.7”-31.5” | 55-80 cm
8.8-20 lb | 4-9 kg
10-16 years
Blue Duiker
58.000
21.000
80.000
9.000
16.00
2560
GUIDE
3D
Blue Duiker
49.2”-76.8” | 125-195 cm
15.75”-26.4” | 40-67 cm
59”-94.5” | 150-240 cm
265-639 lb | 120-290 kg
15-24 years
Blue Wildebeest
195.000
67.000
240.000
290.000
24.00
9800
GUIDE
3D
Blue Wildebeest
50”-61” | 127-155 cm
13.4”-15.75” | 34-40 cm
61”-94.5” | 155-190 cm
265-441 lb | 120-200 kg
15-22 years
Bluebuck
155.000
40.000
190.000
200.000
22.00
4150
GUIDE
3D
Bluebuck
Bongo
11250
53.9”-63.4” | 137-161 cm
18.1”-22” | 46-56 cm
66”-77” | 167-196 cm
330-904 lb | 150-410 kg
8-12 years (wild); 18-21 years (captivity)
Bongo
161.000
56.000
196.000
410.000
21.00
11250
GUIDE
3D
Bongo
40.2”-65” | 102-165 cm
13”-22” | 33-56 cm
51.2”-82.7” | 130-210 cm
121-342 lb | 55-155 kg
12-23 years
Bontebok
165.000
56.000
210.000
155.000
23.00
5350
GUIDE
3D
Bontebok
60.2”-73.6” | 153-187 cm
32.7”-38.6” | 83-98 cm
96”-118” | 245-300 cm
1213-1918 lb | 550-870 kg
20-23 years (wild); 23-29 years (captivity)
Cape Buffalo
187.000
98.000
300.000
870.000
29.00
25600
GUIDE
3D
Cape Buffalo
56.3”-61.4” | 143-156 cm
22.8”-25.2” | 58-64 cm
91”-100” | 230-253 cm
1250-2500 lb | 565-1135 kg (Total)
4-6 years (productive); 15-40 years (natural)
Charolais Cattle
156.000
64.000
253.000
1135.000
40.00
17000
GUIDE
3D
Charolais Cattle
26.8”-36.2” | 68-92 cm
10.2”-14.2” | 26-36 cm
35.4”-47.2” | 90-120 cm
49-93 lb | 22-42 kg
10-22 years
Chinese Goral
92.000
36.000
120.000
42.000
22.00
155
GUIDE
3D
Chinese Goral
29.9”-39.4” | 76-100 cm
9.1”-11.4” | 23-29 cm
35.4”-47.2” | 90-120 cm
44-55 lb | 20-25 kg
12-15 years
Chinkara
100.000
29.000
120.000
25.000
15.00
20900
GUIDE
3D
Chinkara
Chital
2900
2’6”-3’3” | 75-100 cm
3’7”-4’7” | 110-140 cm
99-187 lb | 45-85 kg
10-15 years
Chital
100.000
140.000
85.000
15.00
2900
GUIDE
3D
Chital
24.8”-35.8” | 63-91 cm
6.3”-9.4” | 16-24 cm
31.5”-45.3” | 80-115 cm
33-55 lb | 15-25 kg
8-14 years
Common Duiker
91.000
24.000
115.000
25.000
14.00
1390
GUIDE
3D
Common Duiker
55.9”-71.7” | 142-182 cm
19.7”-25.2” | 50-64 cm
83”-106” | 212-269 cm
661-2072 lb | 300-940 kg
15-20 years (wild); up to 25 years (captivity)
Common Eland
182.000
64.000
269.000
940.000
25.00
5700
GUIDE
3D
Common Eland
52.75”-81.9” | 134-208 cm
18.1”-26.4” | 46-67 cm
59”-90.6” | 150-230 cm
265-353 lb | 120-160 kg
10-15 years
Common Tsessebe
208.000
67.000
230.000
160.000
15.00
805
GUIDE
3D
Common Tsessebe
25”-33” | 64-84 cm
36”-60” | 91-152 cm
120-250 lb | 55-110 kg
15-18 years (wild); up to 20 years (captivity)
Common Warthog
84.000
152.000
110.000
20.00
41000
GUIDE
3D
Common Warthog
44.1”-61” | 112-155 cm
16.1”-23.2” | 41-59 cm
51.2”-70.9” | 130-180 cm
123-220 lb | 56-100 kg
14-19 years
Dall Sheep
155.000
59.000
180.000
100.000
19.00
14090
GUIDE
3D
Dall Sheep
52”-60.6” | 132-154 cm
9.8”-11.4” | 25-29 cm
55.1”-65” | 140-165 cm
77-165 lb | 35-75 kg
12-19 years
Dama Gazelle
154.000
29.000
165.000
75.000
19.00
1750
GUIDE
3D
Dama Gazelle
20.1”-29.1” | 51-74 cm
5.5”-8.3” | 14-21 cm
26.8”-39.4” | 68-100 cm
121-220 lb | 55-100 kg
12-18 years
Domestic Goat
74.000
21.000
100.000
100.000
18.00
3200
GUIDE
3D
Domestic Goat
20”-38” | 51-97 cm
35”-71” | 90-180 cm
300-700 lb | 140-300 kg
6-10 years (farm); 15-20 years (pet)
Domestic Pig
97.000
180.000
300.000
10.00
53000
GUIDE
3D
Domestic Pig
37”-54.3” | 94-138 cm
17.3”-26” | 44-66 cm
47.2”-70.9” | 120-180 cm
99-287 lb | 45-130 kg
10-12 years (captivity)
Domestic Sheep
138.000
66.000
180.000
130.000
12.00
4400
GUIDE
3D
Domestic Sheep
48”-62.6” | 122-159 cm
26.8”-34.25” | 68-87 cm
84”-109” | 214-276 cm
496-1290 lb | 225-585 kg
20-25 years (wild); 25-28 years (captivity)
Domestic Yak
159.000
87.000
276.000
585.000
28.00
1500
GUIDE
3D
Domestic Yak
28.7”-36.2” | 73-92 cm
7.1”-9.1” | 18-23 cm
35.4”-43.3” | 90-110 cm
31-44 lb | 14-20 kg
15-24 years
Dorcas Gazelle
92.000
23.000
110.000
20.000
24.00
3100
GUIDE
3D
Dorcas Gazelle
7’ | 2.13 m
7.17'-11.17' | 2.19-3.41 m
880-1320 lb | 400-600 kg
40-50 years
Dromedary Camel
213.000
341.000
600.000
50.00
3400
GUIDE
3D
Dromedary Camel
4’-5’7” | 122-170 cm
6’10”-8” | 208-244 cm
325-1100 lb | 147-500 kg
10-15 years
Elk | Wapiti
170.000
244.000
500.000
15.00
143000
GUIDE
3D
Elk | Wapiti
75.2”-81.5” | 191-207 cm
33.1”-35” | 84-89 cm
98”-107” | 250-271 cm
661-2028 lb | 300-920 kg
18-24 years (wild); 25-30 years (captivity)
European Bison
207.000
89.000
271.000
920.000
30.00
14500
GUIDE
3D
European Bison
2’6”-3’1” | 76-94 cm
4’3”-5’3” | 130-160 cm
65-220 lb | 29-100 kg
8-15 years
Fallow Deer
94.000
160.000
100.000
15.00
19000
GUIDE
3D
Fallow Deer
28.7”-33.1” | 73-84 cm
7.5”-8.7” | 19-22 cm
30.7”-34.6” | 78-88 cm
37-49 lb | 17-22 kg
8-10 years (wild); up to 17 years (captivity)
Four-Horned Antelope
84.000
22.000
88.000
22.000
17.00
3670
GUIDE
3D
Four-Horned Antelope
Gaur
125800
76.8”-98.4” | 195-250 cm
32.7”-41.7” | 83-106 cm
120”-152” | 305-386 cm
1323-3307 lb | 600-1500 kg
20-26 years
Gaur
250.000
106.000
386.000
1500.000
26.00
125800
GUIDE
3D
Gaur
Gemsbok
33250
48.4”-64.6” | 123-164 cm
15.4”-19.3” | 39-49 cm
70.9”-94.5” | 180-240 cm
220-661 lb | 100-300 kg
18-24 years
Gemsbok
164.000
49.000
240.000
300.000
24.00
33250
GUIDE
3D
Gemsbok
Gerenuk
20250
52.4”-61.4” | 133-156 cm
10.6”-12.6” | 27-32 cm
55.1”-63” | 140-160 cm
66-110 lb | 30-50 kg
8-13 years
Gerenuk
156.000
32.000
160.000
50.000
13.00
20250
GUIDE
3D
Gerenuk
69.7”-83.1” | 177-211 cm
20.1”-24” | 51-61 cm
88”-106” | 224-269 cm
661-2645 lb | 300-1200 kg
15-20 years (wild); 20-25 years (captivity)
Giant Eland
211.000
61.000
269.000
1200.000
25.00
3200
GUIDE
3D
Giant Eland
2’6”-3’7” | 76-110 cm
4’3”-6’11” | 130-210 cm
220-600 lb | 100-275 kg
5 years average (wild); 15-20 years (captivity)
Giant Forest Hog
110.000
210.000
275.000
20.00
1400
GUIDE
3D
Giant Forest Hog
48”-71.7” | 122-182 cm
12.6”-19.7” | 32-50 cm
54”-81” | 138-206 cm
265-595 lb | 120-270 kg
7-10 years (wild); 15-23 years (captivity)
Greater Kudu
182.000
50.000
206.000
270.000
23.00
11800
GUIDE
3D
Greater Kudu
Guanaco
15000
57"-61" | 145-155 cm
82"-86" | 210-220 cm
200-310 lb | 90-140 kg
20-25 years
Guanaco
155.000
220.000
140.000
25.00
15000
GUIDE
3D
Guanaco
61.8”-89.4” | 157-227 cm
19.7”-27.6” | 50-70 cm
68.9”-98.4” | 175-250 cm
220-441 lb | 100-200 kg
11-20 years
Hartebeest
227.000
70.000
250.000
200.000
20.00
8700
GUIDE
3D
Hartebeest
60.2”-64.6” | 153-164 cm
25.2”-27.6” | 64-70 cm
93”-100” | 236-255 cm
1200-2300 lb | 545-1045 kg (Total)
1-2 years (productive); 12-20 years (natural)
Hereford Cattle
164.000
70.000
255.000
1045.000
20.00
25000
GUIDE
3D
Hereford Cattle
37.4”-48.8” | 95-124 cm
19.3”-25.2” | 49-64 cm
62”-81” | 157-206 cm
900-2000 lb | 410-910 kg (Total)
1-3 years (productive); 15-22 years (natural)
Highland Cattle
124.000
64.000
206.000
910.000
22.00
48000
GUIDE
3D
Highland Cattle
48.8”-63.8” | 124-162 cm
13.4”-17.3” | 34-44 cm
55.1”-70.9” | 140-180 cm
187-309 lb | 85-140 kg
19-22 years
Himalayan Serow
162.000
44.000
180.000
140.000
22.00
4920
GUIDE
3D
Himalayan Serow
28.3”-44.9” | 72-114 cm
12.2”-18.9” | 31-48 cm
35.4”-55.1” | 90-140 cm
121-198 lb | 55-90 kg
12-22 years
Himalayan Tahr
114.000
48.000
140.000
90.000
22.00
6550
GUIDE
3D
Himalayan Tahr
51”-83” | 1.3-2.1 m
39”-59” | 1-1.5 m
9.5’-16.5’ | 2.9-5.05 m
2,866-7,055 lb | 1,300-3,200 kg
36-50 years
Hippopotamus
210.000
150.000
505.000
3200.000
50.00
603000
GUIDE
3D
Hippopotamus
Hirola
5250
39.4”-65.4” | 100-166 cm
9.8”-15.75” | 25-40 cm
47.2”-80.7” | 120-205 cm
154-254 lb | 70-115 kg
10-15 years
Hirola
166.000
40.000
205.000
115.000
15.00
5250
GUIDE
3D
Hirola
62.2”-67.3” | 158-171 cm
23.6”-25.6” | 60-65 cm
93”-98” | 235-250 cm
1200-1700 lb | 545-770 kg
4-6 years (productive); 15-20 years (natural)
Holstein Friesian Cattle
171.000
65.000
250.000
770.000
20.00
28000
GUIDE
3D
Holstein Friesian Cattle
35.4”-50.4” | 90-128 cm
11.4”-17.7” | 29-45 cm
47.2”-66.9” | 120-170 cm
77-176 lb | 35-80 kg
12-20 years
Iberian Ibex
128.000
45.000
170.000
80.000
20.00
2500
GUIDE
3D
Iberian Ibex
Impala
28450
41.7”-55.5” | 106-141 cm
8.7”-11.8” | 22-30 cm
47.2”-63” | 120-160 cm
88-168 lb | 40-76 kg
10-25 years
Impala
141.000
30.000
160.000
76.000
25.00
28450
GUIDE
3D
Impala
6’6”-7’ | 198-213 cm
9’10”-10’6” | 3-3.2 m
1190-1543 lb | 540-700 kg
10-15 years
Irish Elk
213.000
320.000
700.000
15.00
19000
GUIDE
3D
Irish Elk
25.6”-41.3” | 65-105 cm
10.2”-17.7” | 26-45 cm
31.5”-51.2” | 80-130 cm
66-99 lb | 30-45 kg
20-25 years
Japanese Serow
105.000
45.000
130.000
45.000
25.00
2800
GUIDE
3D
Japanese Serow
25.6”-39.4” | 65-100 cm
8.7”-13” | 22-33 cm
29.5”-45.3” | 75-115 cm
18-40 lb | 8-18 kg
12-18 years
Klipspringer
100.000
33.000
115.000
18.000
18.00
18080
GUIDE
3D
Klipspringer
Kob
49200
39.4”-57.9” | 100-147 cm
9.8”-14.6” | 25-37 cm
49.2”-70.9” | 125-180 cm
198-265 lb | 90-120 kg
17-22 years
Kob
147.000
37.000
180.000
120.000
22.00
49200
GUIDE
3D
Kob
Lechwe
4000
37.4”-51.2” | 95-130 cm
10.6”-15” | 27-38 cm
51.2”-70.9” | 130-180 cm
132-265 lb | 60-120 kg
15-25 years
Lechwe
130.000
38.000
180.000
120.000
25.00
4000
GUIDE
3D
Lechwe
47.6”-58.3” | 121-148 cm
12.6”-15.75” | 32-40 cm
49”-61” | 125-154 cm
198-342 lb | 90-155 kg
7-15 years (wild); 15-20 years (captivity)
Lesser Kudu
148.000
40.000
154.000
155.000
20.00
4750
GUIDE
3D
Lesser Kudu
Llama
154000
67"-71" | 1.7-1.8 m
72"-78" | 1.8-2.0 m
290-440 lb | 130-200 kg
15-25 years
Llama
180.000
200.000
200.000
25.00
154000
GUIDE
3D
Llama
Markhor
68900
44.9”-65” | 114-165 cm
15.4”-20.9” | 39-53 cm
52”-73.2” | 132-186 cm
77-243 lb | 35-110 kg
12-13 years
Markhor
165.000
53.000
186.000
110.000
13.00
68900
GUIDE
3D
Markhor
3’7”-4’ | 109-122 cm
6’-6’6” | 183-198 cm
155-330 lb | 70-150 kg
10-15 years
Marsh Deer
122.000
198.000
150.000
15.00
600
GUIDE
3D
Marsh Deer
15.75’-20’ | 4.8-6.1 m
2.5’-3.3’ | .75-1 m
13.5’-17.4’ | 4.1-5.3 m
1,543-4,189 lb | 700-1,900 kg
10-27 years
Masai Giraffe
610.000
100.000
530.000
1900.000
27.00
6270
GUIDE
3D
Masai Giraffe
14”-20” | 36-51 cm
22”-32” | 56-130 cm
50-200 lb | 23-90 kg
5 years (typical); 12-18 years (captivity)
Miniature Pig
51.000
130.000
90.000
18.00
12000
GUIDE
3D
Miniature Pig
33.5”-49.2” | 85-125 cm
9.8”-15.4” | 25-39 cm
39.4”-59” | 100-150 cm
44-86 lb | 20-39 kg
7-12 years
Mongolian Gazelle
125.000
39.000
150.000
39.000
12.00
1860
GUIDE
3D
Mongolian Gazelle
Moose
176500
5’6”-6’11” | 168-211 cm
9.2’-10’ | 280-305 cm
600-1500 lb | 270-680 kg
15-25 years
Moose
211.000
305.000
680.000
25.00
176500
GUIDE
3D
Moose
Mouflon
27070
38.6”-52” | 98-132 cm
12.6”-16.5” | 32-42 cm
43.3”-57.1” | 110-145 cm
55-121 lb | 25-55 kg
8-12 years (wild); 18-23 years (captivity)
Mouflon
132.000
42.000
145.000
55.000
23.00
27070
GUIDE
3D
Mouflon
39”-50” | 99-127 cm
16.5”-20.9” | 42-53 cm
55.1”-70.9” | 140-180 cm
132-265 lb | 60-120 kg
10-21 years
Mountain Goat
127.000
53.000
180.000
120.000
21.00
87350
GUIDE
3D
Mountain Goat
34.6”-46.5” | 88-118 cm
8.7”-11.4” | 22-29 cm
39.4”-53.5” | 100-136 cm
53-84 lb | 24-38 kg
10-15 years
Mountain Reedbuck
118.000
29.000
136.000
38.000
15.00
1330
GUIDE
3D
Mountain Reedbuck
2’8”-3’6” | 81-107 cm
3’7”-5’6” | 109-168 cm
99-330 lb | 45-150 kg
15-22 years
Mule Deer
107.000
168.000
150.000
22.00
38000
GUIDE
3D
Mule Deer
Muskox
36450
52.4”-64.2” | 133-163 cm
25.2”-33.5” | 64-85 cm
74.8”-96.5” | 190-245 cm
397-838 lb | 180-380 kg
12-22 years
Muskox
163.000
85.000
245.000
380.000
22.00
36450
GUIDE
3D
Muskox
Nilgai
119150
57.9”-72.4” | 147-184 cm
17.3”-22.4” | 44-57 cm
68”-85” | 172-217 cm
220-639 lb | 100-290 kg
12-13 years (wild); 20-22 years (captivity)
Nilgai
184.000
57.000
217.000
290.000
22.00
119150
GUIDE
3D
Nilgai
26.4”-40.9” | 67-104 cm
9.4”-14.6” | 24-37 cm
35.4”-55.1” | 90-140 cm
110-220 lb | 50-100 kg
9-17 years
Nilgiri Tahr
104.000
37.000
140.000
100.000
17.00
19030
GUIDE
3D
Nilgiri Tahr
23”-26” | 58-66 cm
33”-43” | 85-110 cm
100-220 lb | 45-100 kg
Up to 20 years (wild); up to 24 years (captivity)
North Sulawesi Babirusa
66.000
110.000
100.000
24.00
150
GUIDE
3D
North Sulawesi Babirusa
14’-18.7’ | 4.3-5.7 m
2.3’-3.1’ | .7-.95 m
12.3’-16.1’ | 3.75-4.9 m
1,830-2,646 lb | 830-1,200 kg
10-25 years
Northern Giraffe
570.000
95.000
490.000
1200.000
25.00
16100
GUIDE
3D
Northern Giraffe
Nyala
31250
42.9”-57.5” | 109-146 cm
13”-17.7” | 33-45 cm
53”-70” | 134-178 cm
121-275 lb | 55-125 kg
11-16 years (wild); 15-19 years (captivity)
Nyala
146.000
45.000
178.000
125.000
19.00
31250
GUIDE
3D
Nyala
Okapi
353700
5.25’-6.7’ | 1.6-2.05 m
17.7”-23.6” | .45-.6 m
6.2’-8.2’ | 1.9-2.5 m
397-772 lb | 180-350 kg
15-34 years
Okapi
205.000
60.000
250.000
350.000
34.00
353700
GUIDE
3D
Okapi
Oribi
16070
31.5”-37” | 80-94 cm
8.3”-9.8” | 21-25 cm
36.2”-43.3” | 92-110 cm
26-49 lb | 12-22 kg
8-14 years
Oribi
94.000
25.000
110.000
22.000
14.00
16070
GUIDE
3D
Oribi
3.6’-4.1’ | 1.1-1.25 m
12”-13.8” | .3-.35 m
4.3’-4.9’ | 1.3-1.5 m
88-154 lb | 40-70 kg
10-15 years
Pronghorn
125.000
35.000
150.000
70.000
15.00
76300
GUIDE
3D
Pronghorn
Pudú
12300
1’2”-1’3” | 35-38 cm
2’7”-2’9” | 80-85 cm
20-33 lb | 9-15 kg
8-10 years
Pudú
38.000
85.000
15.000
10.00
12300
GUIDE
3D
Pudú
Puku
44020
41.7”-52.75” | 106-134 cm
11.8”-15” | 30-38 cm
49.6”-63” | 126-160 cm
132-170 lb | 60-77 kg
15-18 years
Puku
134.000
38.000
160.000
77.000
18.00
44020
GUIDE
3D
Puku
29.5”-39” | .75-1 m
22”-26” | .55-.65 m
59”-69” | 1.5-1.75 m
353-606 lb | 160-275 kg
30-50 years
Pygmy Hippopotamus
100.000
65.000
175.000
275.000
50.00
5350
GUIDE
3D
Pygmy Hippopotamus
8”-12” | 20-31 cm
22”-28” | 55-71 cm
14-22 lb | 6.5-10 kg
Up to 14 years (captivity)
Pygmy Hog
31.000
71.000
10.000
14.00
1500
GUIDE
3D
Pygmy Hog
61”-64.6” | 155-164 cm
21.3”-22.4” | 54-57 cm
82”-87” | 208-220 cm
1100-1800 lb | 500-815 kg (Total)
1-2 years (productive); 10-15 years (natural)
Red Angus Cattle
164.000
57.000
220.000
815.000
15.00
1800
GUIDE
3D
Red Angus Cattle
2’3”-2’4” | 70-72 cm
2’3”-4’3” | 70-130 cm
35-55 lb | 16-25 kg
7-12 years
Red Brocket
72.000
130.000
25.000
12.00
305
GUIDE
3D
Red Brocket
3’3”-3’11” | 100-120 cm
5’6”-8’6” | 168-259 cm
250-550 lb | 113-250 kg
10-15 years
Red Deer
120.000
259.000
250.000
15.00
18000
GUIDE
3D
Red Deer
1’10”-2’7” | 56-79 cm
3’4”-5’ | 102-152 cm
100-285 lb | 45-130 kg
10-12 years (wild); 15-20 years (captivity)
Red River Hog
79.000
152.000
130.000
20.00
3400
GUIDE
3D
Red River Hog
2’9”-4’7” | 85-140 cm
3’11”-7’2” | 120-220 cm
132-705 lb | 60-320 kg
15-20 years
Reindeer | Caribou
140.000
220.000
320.000
20.00
204000
GUIDE
3D
Reindeer | Caribou
14’-18’ | 4.3-5.5 m
2.5’-3.3’ | .75-1 m
11.8’-15.1’ | 3.6-4.6 m
2,601-4,255 lb | 1,180-1,930 kg
10-27 years
Reticulated Giraffe
550.000
100.000
460.000
1930.000
27.00
8900
GUIDE
3D
Reticulated Giraffe
Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica)
Comparison illustration of the size of a Iberian Ibex to a typical person

The Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) is composed of four subspecies. As the name suggests, it inhabits the Iberian peninsula. Some communities call it the Iberian wild goat, Spanish wild goat, or Spanish Ibex. You can find it in forests with rocky outcrops and coniferous and deciduous trees. Males are larger, heavier, and also have larger horns than females. It has a large, robust body with short legs. The coat color is brownish or grayish. The Iberian ibex is both a browser and grazer, and forms either male or female with young social groupings. It also shows herding behavior, where the young are usually protected from predators by being at the center of the group.

Iberian Ibexs have a standing shoulder height between 31.5”-39.4” (80-100 cm), overall body length from 47.2”-66.9” (120-170 cm), standing height of roughly 35.4”-50.4” (90-128 cm), and a body width of 11.4”-17.7” (29-45 cm). The weight of a Iberian Ibex is between 77-176 lb (35-80 kg). Iberian Ibexs have a typical lifespan of 12-20 years.

Series of side and front elevation illustrations of the Iberian Ibex
The Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) is composed of four subspecies. As the name suggests, it inhabits the Iberian peninsula. Some communities call it the Iberian wild goat, Spanish wild goat, or Spanish Ibex. You can find it in forests with rocky outcrops and coniferous and deciduous trees.

Iberian Ibexs have a standing shoulder height between 31.5”-39.4” (80-100 cm), overall body length from 47.2”-66.9” (120-170 cm), standing height of roughly 35.4”-50.4” (90-128 cm), and a body width of 11.4”-17.7” (29-45 cm). The weight of a Iberian Ibex is between 77-176 lb (35-80 kg). Iberian Ibexs have a typical lifespan of 12-20 years.

Series of side and front elevation illustrations of the Iberian Ibex
Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica)
Height:
35.4”-50.4” | 90-128 cm
Width:
11.4”-17.7” | 29-45 cm
Length:
47.2”-66.9” | 120-170 cm
Depth:
Shoulder Height
31.5”-39.4” | 80-100 cm
Weight:
77-176 lb | 35-80 kg
Area:
Scientific Name
Capra pyrenaica
Lifespan
12-20 years

Drawings include:

Iberian Ibex side elevation, front, back, lying down

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Zebra Duiker (Cephalophus zebra)
Dimensioned comparison drawing of the Zebra Duiker compared to an average person

The unique zebra-like stripes on the gold or red-brown coats of the Zebra Duiker (Cephalophus zebra) make them easily identifiable in the area it is found. This is in counties such as Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone. The upper part of the legs have dark markings while the face is reddish brown. It prefers hilly forest habitats and some communities call it the striped-black duiker or banded duiker. The body is short and muscular. The limbs are short as well. It also has a pair of short, rounded horns. It is a solitary animal that prefers to browse on fruits, leaves, and stems.

Zebra Duikers have a standing shoulder height between 15.75”-19.7” (40-50 cm), overall body length from 33.5”-35.4” (85-90 cm), standing height of roughly 22.4”-25.2” (57-64 cm), and a body width of 7.1”-7.9” (18-20 cm). The weight of a Zebra Duiker is between 33-51 lb (15-23 kg). Zebra Duikers have a typical lifespan of 11-13 years.

Set of standing side and front elevation drawings of the Zebra Duiker
The unique zebra-like stripes on the gold or red-brown coats of the Zebra Duiker (Cephalophus zebra) make them easily identifiable in the area it is found. This is in counties such as Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone. The upper part of the legs have dark markings while the face is reddish.

Zebra Duikers have a standing shoulder height between 15.75”-19.7” (40-50 cm), overall body length from 33.5”-35.4” (85-90 cm), standing height of roughly 22.4”-25.2” (57-64 cm), and a body width of 7.1”-7.9” (18-20 cm). The weight of a Zebra Duiker is between 33-51 lb (15-23 kg). Zebra Duikers have a typical lifespan of 11-13 years.

Set of standing side and front elevation drawings of the Zebra Duiker
Zebra Duiker (Cephalophus zebra)
Height:
22.4”-25.2” | 57-64 cm
Width:
7.1”-7.9” | 18-20 cm
Length:
33.5”-35.4” | 85-90 cm
Depth:
Shoulder Height
15.75”-19.7” | 40-50 cm
Weight:
33-51 lb | 15-23 kg
Area:
Scientific Name
Cephalophus zebra
Lifespan
11-13 years

Drawings include:

Zebra Duiker side elevation, front, back, lying down

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Blue Duiker (Philantomba monticola)
Comparison illustration of the size of a Blue Duiker to a typical person

The Blue Duiker (Philantomba monticola) is unique from most antelopes in that females are larger than males. Even so, it is the smallest in the duiker family and inhabits the rainforests, the dense thickest, and mountain forests of Central and Southern Africa. The coat can be brown or another color with a blue tint and white underside while the hide is short, with spiky horns. Both sexes may have horns, but this is more dominant in males. The blue duiker is diurnal and secretive, eating leaves and fallen fruits. Males and females form monogamous pairs. It has a short dark tail and sounds alarms by snorting, stamping, or whistling.

Blue Duikers have a standing shoulder height between 11.8”-16.1” (30-41 cm), overall body length from 21.7”-31.5” (55-80 cm), standing height of roughly 15”-22.8” (38-58 cm), and a body width of 5.5”-8.3” (14-21 cm). The weight of a Blue Duiker is between 8.8-20 lb (4-9 kg). Blue Duikers have a typical lifespan of 10-16 years.

Series of side and front elevation illustrations of the Blue Duiker
The Blue Duiker (Philantomba monticola) is unique from most antelopes in that females are larger than males. Even so, it is the smallest in the duiker family and inhabits the rainforests, the dense thickest, and mountain forests of Central and Southern Africa.

Blue Duikers have a standing shoulder height between 11.8”-16.1” (30-41 cm), overall body length from 21.7”-31.5” (55-80 cm), standing height of roughly 15”-22.8” (38-58 cm), and a body width of 5.5”-8.3” (14-21 cm). The weight of a Blue Duiker is between 8.8-20 lb (4-9 kg). Blue Duikers have a typical lifespan of 10-16 years.

Series of side and front elevation illustrations of the Blue Duiker
Blue Duiker (Philantomba monticola)
Height:
15”-22.8” | 38-58 cm
Width:
5.5”-8.3” | 14-21 cm
Length:
21.7”-31.5” | 55-80 cm
Depth:
Shoulder Height
11.8”-16.1” | 30-41 cm
Weight:
8.8-20 lb | 4-9 kg
Area:
Scientific Name
Philantomba monticola
Lifespan
10-16 years

Drawings include:

Blue Duiker side elevation, front, back, lying down

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Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)
Dimensioned drawing of a Bactrian Camel standing next to a man for scale with measurements for heights and width

The Bactrian Camel is a two-humped camelid residing in the Central and Eastern Asian Desert and is closely related, but wholly distinct from, the Wild Bactrian Camel, Camelus ferus. With its tolerance for both hot and cold temperatures, adaptation for high altitudes, and endurance for many miles, the Bactrian Camel enabled trade along the Silk Road from 130 B.C. to 1453 A.D. as a versatile pack animal. While mostly domesticated, a small feral population still exists in southwest Kazakhstan and India. Similar to the Dromedary Camel, the Bactrian Camel rarely sweats, can close its nostrils to sand, and has two rows of eyelashes to protect his eyes.

The average Bactrian Camel has an overall height of 84" (7’) (2.13 m), withers height of 62"-71" (5’2”-5’11”) (157-180 cm), and body length of 89"-138" (7’5”-11’6”) (225-350 cm). A typical Bactrian Camel weighs between 990-1100 lb (450-500 kg) and has a lifespan of roughly 20-40 years; 50 (wild).

Illustrations of Bactrian Camels in various postures including walking, standing, and lying down
The Bactrian Camel is a two-humped camelid residing in Central and Eastern Asian Desert and is closely related to the Wild Bactrian Camel. Similar to the Dromedary Camel, the Bactrian Camel rarely sweats, can close its nostrils to sand, and has two rows of eyelashes to protect his eyes.

The average Bactrian Camel has an overall height of 84" (7’) (2.13 m), withers height of 62"-71" (5’2”-5’11”) (157-180 cm), and body length of 89"-138" (7’5”-11’6”) (225-350 cm). A typical Bactrian Camel weighs between 990-1100 lb (450-500 kg) and has a lifespan of roughly 20-40 years; 50 (wild).

Illustrations of Bactrian Camels in various postures including walking, standing, and lying down
Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)
Height:
7’ | 2.13 m
Width:
Length:
7.42'-11.5' | 2.25-3.5 m
Depth:
Withers Height (Shoulder)
62"-71" | 157-180 cm
Weight:
990-1100 lb | 450-500 kg
Area:

Uses: Pack animal

Scientific Name
Camelus bactrianus
Lifespan
20-40 years; 50 (wild)

Drawings include:
Bactrian Camel side elevation (standing), side (person), front, walking, lying down

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Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus)
Dimensioned comparison drawing of the Klipspringer compared to an average person

It may be hard to see the Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) in the wild because it is nocturnal. Besides, it has a perfectly camouflage thick coat composed of bristle hairs. The coat, which is yellowish gray to reddish brown, makes it blend well with the rocky terrain it inhabits. This is in eastern and southern Africa. The Klipspringer is a small browser with large hindquarters, large and round ears, and a small tail. Males and females form lifelong partners. In addition, males inhabiting the eastern regions of Africa have horns, while those in the south lack them.

Klipspringers have a standing shoulder height between 16.9”-23.6” (43-60 cm), overall body length from 29.5”-45.3” (75-115 cm), standing height of roughly 25.6”-39.4” (65-100 cm), and a body width of 8.7”-13” (22-33 cm). The weight of a Klipspringer is between 18-40 lb (8-18 kg). Klipspringers have a typical lifespan of 12-18 years.

Set of standing side and front elevation drawings of the Klipspringer
It may be hard to see the Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) in the wild because it is nocturnal. Besides, it has a perfectly camouflage thick coat composed of bristle hairs. The coat, which is yellowish gray to reddish brown, makes it blend well with the rocky terrain it inhabits.

Klipspringers have a standing shoulder height between 16.9”-23.6” (43-60 cm), overall body length from 29.5”-45.3” (75-115 cm), standing height of roughly 25.6”-39.4” (65-100 cm), and a body width of 8.7”-13” (22-33 cm). The weight of a Klipspringer is between 18-40 lb (8-18 kg). Klipspringers have a typical lifespan of 12-18 years.

Set of standing side and front elevation drawings of the Klipspringer
Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus)
Height:
25.6”-39.4” | 65-100 cm
Width:
8.7”-13” | 22-33 cm
Length:
29.5”-45.3” | 75-115 cm
Depth:
Shoulder Height
16.9”-23.6” | 43-60 cm
Weight:
18-40 lb | 8-18 kg
Area:
Scientific Name
Oreotragus oreotragus
Lifespan
12-18 years

Drawings include:

Klipspringer side elevation, front, back, lying down

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